Compendium Review Unit 1 Topic 1: Cells

cutaway of human skin
A. melanocyte
B. muscle
C. sebaceous gland
D. hair shaft
E. epidermis
F. dermis
G. subcutaneous tissue
H. fat
I. artery
J. sweat gland
K. hair follicle


Our skin is made up of four different tissue types. The epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue.

Epithelial tissue covers the whole surface of the body. It's made up of cells closely packed and ranged in one or more layers. This tissue is specialised to form the covering or lining of all internal and external body surfaces. Epithelial tissue that occurs on surfaces on the interior of the body is known as endothelium. Epithelial cells are packed tightly together, with almost no intercellular spaces and only a small amount of intercellular substance. Epithelial tissue, regardless of the type, is usually separated from the underlying tissue by a thin sheet of connective tissue; basement membrane. The basement membrane provides structural support for the epithelium and also binds it to neighbouring structures. http://www.botany.uwc.ac.za/sci_ed/grade10/mammal/Epithelial.htm

Connective tissue is widespread in the body. It's main function is to bind and strenghten other organs and tissues. It also compartmentalizes and divides other tissue structure. Loose connective tissue is known as adipose tissue and is used for storing fat.

Muscle tissue a very specialized tissue that has both the ability to contract and the ability to conduct electrical impulses. Muscles are are classified both functionally as either voluntary or involuntary and structurally as either striated or smooth. From this, there emerges three types of muscles: smooth involuntary (smooth) muscle, striated voluntary (skeletal) muscle and striated involuntary (cardiac) muscle. http://www.uoguelph.ca/zoology/devobio/210labs/muscle1.ht

Nervous tissue is specialized to react to stimulation and to send out impulse message to certain organs in the body. When that happens the body then sends out a reaction. Nerve tissue is made up of special nerve cells called neurons. Neurons are easily stimulated and send out warning messages very quickly. The endoneurium, which consists of a thin layer of loose connective tissue, surrounds the individual nerve fibers. There are three main type of neurons each are classified by their function. They are sensory neurons, motor neurons and interneurons.

Conpendium Review Unit 1 Topic 1: Cells

Schematic of typical animal cell, showing subcellular components. Organelles: (1) nucleolus (2) nucleus (3) ribosome (4) vesicle (5) rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (6) Golgi apparatus (7) cytoskeleton (8) smooth ER (9) mitochondria (10) lysosome (11) cytoplasm (12) peroxisome (13) centrioles

Cell Organelles and Metabolism:

An organelle is a discrete structure of a cell having specialized functions. An organelle is to a cell what and organ is to the body.

Metabolism is the complete set of chemical reactions that occurs in living cells. These processes are the basis of life, allowing cells to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism It is usually divided into two categories catabolic reactions and anabolic reactions. Catabolic reactions yield energy and anabolic reactions use energy.
Structure of the coenzyme adenosine triphosphate, a central intermediate in energy metabolism.

Compenduim Review Unit 1 Topic 1: Cells

href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsp6YUvE4RUaWaZbUtjQYiv6ARZNPwHE55WOdbx3DsWTKjZt19JRdo2cBee6mtZpjizmPWLe3J0WVWqfdHjPYPCcyowmqUJncxsczuTxq94J33Z34p0j31hPqmWi8rP4-RK35XW5nilbZ3/s1600-h/cells.bmp"> Picture of two human cells.

Cell Structure and Function:

The cell is the structural and functional unit of all living organisms, and is sometimes called the "building block of life."[1] Some organisms, such as bacteria, are unicellular (consist of a single cell). Other organisms, such as humans, are multicellular. (Humans have an estimated 100 trillion or 1014 cells; a typical cell size is 10 µm; a typical cell mass is 1 nanogram.) The largest known cell is an ostrich egg. http://www.answers.com/topic/cell

Each cell is somewhat self contained and self maintaining, it takes nutrients and turns it into energy, carries out special functions and reproduces as necessary.

There are two types of cells the eukaryotic and the prokaryotic cells:


Prokaryotic cells are single cells that lack a membrane-bound nucleus. Their genetic information is in a circular loop called a plasmid. They have very few distinguishable features inside when looked at under a microscope. They have three main shapes: rod, spherical and spiral. They divide by bionary fisson.


Eurokaryotic cells are approximately 10 times the size of a prokaryotic cell and can be up to a 1000 times greater in volume. They are mostly multi-cellular and contain membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Compendium Review Unit 1 Topic 1: Cells

Molecules of Life

Atoms often bond with eachother to form a chemical unit called a molecule. A molecule can contain atoms of the same kind or they can be different. When the atoms are different a compound is present. There are two types of bonds that join atoms.

The ionic bond is when atoms give up or take on and electron(s) in order to achieve a stable outer shell.

The covalent bond is a chemical bond in which atoms share one pair of electrons.

Compendium Review Unit 1 Topic 1: Cells

Basic Characteristics of Life:

According to wikipedia life is defined as a multi-faceted concept. Life may refer to the ongoing process of which living things are a part; the period between the birth (or a point at which the entity can be considered to be living) and death of an organism; the condition of an entity that has been born (or reached the point in its existence at which it can be established to be alive) and has yet to die; and that which makes a living thing alive.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life

When you think of life typically you think of humans and animals. We sometimes forget that plants are also among the living. Living things are:
* organized from atoms to the biosphere.
* take materials and energy from the environment.
* reproduce; they produce offspring that resemble themselves.
* grow and develop by undergoing various stages from fertilization to death.
* are homeostatic; internal conditions stay about the same.
* respond to stimuli; the react to external and internal changes.
* have an evolutionary history and have adapted modifications to a particular way of life.

Microscope

Microscopes were invented by Zacharis Janseen from Middleburg, Holland around the year 1595. The first compound microscope was basically a tube with a lens. Over the years the microscope has changed greatly and become more powerful. The most common microscope is the compound light microscope (pictured above).

The compound light microscope has many different levers and knobs that help to focus and view your specimen. Some of the parts include:

Stage: The stage is the where you place your slide with your specimen on it. You will use the stage clips to hold your slide in place. When placing the slide on the stage you want to place your specimen directly over the light.

Focus Knobs: Include the fine and coarse adjustment knobs. Each of these knobs will be used at some point while viewing your specimen. After placing your slide on the stage you want to slowly turn the coarse adjustment knob to move the slide up until the slide almost touches the lens. Now that you have done that you will want to look through your eyepiece at your slide and slowly turn the coarse adjustment knob until your specimen comes into view. Once your specimen comes into view you will want to switch to the fine adjustment knob to focus.

Iris: The iris of the microscope is also know as the diaphragm. It controls the amount of light which passes to the specimen. There are two types of diaphragms. There is the iris diagphragm which is a lever just under the stage in the front. The other type is the dial type which is located under the stage and has a rotating dial with different sized holes.

Oculars: The ocular is also known as the eyepiece. It is the closest group of lenses to our eyes. While looking in the eyepiece you want to adjust it until the circl of light becomes one and you no longer see it overlapping. If you wear glasses you will want to remove them while using the microscope.

Objectives: The objectives on the microscope are the magnification lenses. Most compound light microscopes have 3 - 4. 4x,10x,43x, and 100x oil emmersion. Total magnification = ocular power X objective power.

Lab 1

This is a picture of cheek cells magnified at 40x.